The three core skills
| Skill | What it is | Everyday example |
|---|---|---|
| Working memory | Holding information in mind while using it | Remembering a three-step instruction |
| Inhibitory control | Stopping an automatic response, resisting distraction | Waiting for a turn; not shouting out an answer |
| Cognitive flexibility | Switching between rules, tasks or viewpoints | Trying a new approach when the first one fails |
How executive function develops from 6 to 12
These skills grow steadily through the primary school years and keep developing into the early twenties. Between 6 and 12, most children become able to follow longer instructions, plan simple projects and resist distractions for longer. The pace varies a lot between children, and being ahead or behind for a while is common.
How is executive function assessed?
- Rating scales: parents and teachers rate everyday behaviours. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) is a widely used example.
- Structured tasks: a psychologist uses short tests such as card sorting (switching rules), flanker tasks (ignoring distraction) or repeating sequences of numbers (working memory). Many are presented as simple games.
- Game-based observation: richer games record how a child adapts, persists and plans during play. This is newer and still being validated. Mores' flexibility markers are one example.
Is poor executive function a sign of ADHD or autism?
Executive function difficulties are common in ADHD and can occur in autism, but they also occur in children with neither, and on their own they do not point to any condition. See ADHD vs autism and is there an ADHD test for kids?.
How to support executive function at home
- Keep routines predictable, with visual checklists for mornings and bedtime.
- Break big tasks into small steps and tick each one off.
- Play games with rules and turns: card games, board games, Simon Says.
- Give one instruction at a time, and ask your child to repeat it back.
- Protect sleep. Tired children have a harder time with every one of these skills.
Common questions
- How do you assess executive functioning in children?
- With parent and teacher rating scales, short structured tasks given by a psychologist, and sometimes game-based observation. A full picture usually combines more than one.
- At what age does executive function develop?
- It starts developing in early childhood, grows quickly through the primary school years and continues into early adulthood.
- Can executive function be improved?
- Children's executive function grows with age, practice, sleep and supportive routines. Games with rules and step-by-step planning give everyday practice.
Not a diagnosis. This guide is general information, not medical advice. If you are worried about your child, talk to your pediatrician. Written by the Mores Health team from the sources below; it has not yet been reviewed by a clinician.